A pioneer of investigative journalism

Last week was the centenary of the death of William Thomas Stead.

When Stead became editor of the Darlington Northern Echo at 22, he was the youngest newspaper editor in the country. His innovative methods made the Northern Echo one of the leading daily papers in the north of England. He adopted the radical Liberal policies of the time: compulsory primary and secondary school education, universal male and female suffrage, repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts, ‘social purity’ in politics, collective bargaining in industrial relations, the eight-hour day for coalminers, poor law reform and Home Rule for Ireland.

In 1883 Stead became editor of the Pall Mall Gazette in London. He promoted the Gazette using techniques such as bold headlines, illustrations and  special interviews

‘Chinese Gordon's arrival in London … having been announced in yesterday's papers, a communication was immediately addressed to him… asking him if he would consent to hold a conversation on the subject of the Soudan with a representative of the Pall Mall Gazette.

‘With characteristic modesty, General Gordon begged to be excused …. Our representative [Stead himself] left town by the next train, and found General Gordon at his sister's house …. He showed considerable disinclination to express his opinions upon the subject, but on its being represented to him very strongly that he of all men now in the country was best acquainted with the Soudan, and therefore was best able to speak with authority on the question of the hour, he consented to enter upon the subject.’

Prostitution and the exploitation of women were among the concerns of social reformers in the nineteenth century. The age of consent for girls in England had been raised from twelve to thirteen in 1875. Campaigners wanted it raised further to sixteen; in 1885 Stead was approached to help publicise the issue.

Josephine Butler and Bramwell Booth helped Stead to acquire a thirteen year old girl, Eliza Armstrong. Eliza’s mother was paid £5, Mrs Armstrong (it was claimed) being given to understand that Eliza was being procured for prostitution.

Stead then wrote a series of sensational articles. The first was titled  The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon, with subheadings ‘The Violation of Virgins‘, ’The Confessions of a Brothel-Keeper‘, ‘How Girls Were Bought and Ruined‘, ‘A Child of Thirteen Bought for £5’.

Many influential people praised Stead. Others denounced him, some for raising such matters at all in what was supposed to be a family paper, others for the sensationalist way in which he treated it. He was accused of  ‘peddling pornography’. W. H. Smith refused to sell those issues of the Gazette. Where it was available, the Gazette sold out rapidly. Second hand copies changed hands at inflated prices. 

There were demonstrations demanding that legislation on the age of consent be passed immediately. Initially the government and Parliament were unwilling to act under pressure from sensational journalism, but as demand from public opinion increased, the government had to back down and legislation raising the age of consent to sixteen was passed in August 1885.  

Rival newspapers carried out their own investigations. Although Stead had disguised Eliza’s identity, The Times tracked down her mother. It was revealed that it was Stead himself who had purchased her, a fact he had not included in his own articles. Mrs Armstrong said she had not, as Stead had claimed, known that she was (supposedly) selling her daughter into prostitution. Eliza’s father said that he had not consented to  Eliza being taken away.  Although the age of consent was thirteen, it was illegal to take away a girl under sixteen without the consent of her parents or guardian. 

Stead and others were charged with the assault and abduction of Eliza Armstrong. Stead and two women were convicted. The women were sentenced to six months, Stead to three months in prison.

Social issues continued to be a priority. In 1888, when writing about the Whitechapel Murders: ‘Here in London lie certain foul slums, which The Times describes as "the kitchen middens of humanity," in which the human being putrefies, and where tens of thousands of our fellow creatures are begotten and reared in an atmosphere of godless brutality, a species of human sewage, the very drainage of the vilest productions of ordinary vice…. Philanthropists have repeatedly, and in vain, called attention to their existence. The Bitter Cry of Outcast London has fallen upon heedless ears.

Stead’s methods alienated the majority of the press and many politicians, including hs former patron, Gladstone. He left the Pall Mall Gazette in early January 1890 and moved on to other journalistic and publishing ventures.

Stead had a lifelong interest in spiritualism. Over time this damaged his reputation, as he began to be seen as something of a crank.

He became involved in the peace movement of the time, advocating arms limitation and strong Anglo-American co-operation.

In 1912 he was invited to speak at a Peace Conference in New York. He sailed on the Titanic. After the liner struck the iceberg he was seen helping women and children into the lifeboats. One account (probably fictional), said that after all the boats had gone, Stead went into the First Class Smoking Room, where he was last seen sitting in a chair reading a book. His body was not recovered. It was believed that he would have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize that year. He had predicted that he would die by drowning, apparently having received spiritualist messages to that effect.

The problem with using pen and paper for first drafts -

- is that sometimes you can't find the pages when you want to type them up.

I did find them, the next morning, hiding under a pile of magazines. I must have shuffled everything together when hurriedly tidying my front room one day. I've now found a bright red document wallet to keep my handwritten pages in.

I was doing quite well at getting the sequence of events down on paper, but I wasn't satisfied with my main character. She was coming across as very sharp tongued and vinegary. It was realistic that she'd be like that, with the background I've given her, but I was worried that readers would find her too unlikeable, before I'd had a chance to show her more sympathetic side. However, if I tried to tone her down, she became bland, lacking any personality at all.

I decided to let her develop however she wanted, and worry about whether she was likeable later. I've now seen how I can tweak a secondary character, who appears early in the story,  which will strengthen my main character's motivation in a way that I hope will make her more sympathetic from the start.

Now I just have to get it down on paper, or on the screen.

Things I missed II

7 February this year was the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Charles Dickens. He is regarded by many as the greatest English novelist. He was certainly one of the most widely read. The Old Curiosity Shop, first published in serial form, had a circulation of 100,000 in 1840-41. A Tale of Two Cities, first published as a serial in the weekly All the Year Round,  had an initial circulation of over 120,000 in 1859. Each copy sold was almost certainly read by more than one person, either in a family home or in the reading room of a Mechanics' Institute or other organisation.

Dickens' success as a novelist is the more remarkable given the variety of other roles or professions he  undertook - journalist, pamphleteer, editor, dramatist, producer, actor, public speaker.

Dickens could not have achieved all he did if he had lived at an earlier period. The railways and the postal service enabled the rapid distribution of his serials, and the railways also made it possible for Dickens himself to travel the country giving readings from his novels.

Levels of literacy were rising, even though there was not yet a national, compulsory system of education in England and Wales - that came in 1870, the year of Dickens' death. One estimate suggests that about 1860, about seventy per cent of the population could read  - although not necessarily well enough to read one of Dickens' novels.

In the middle decades of the nineteenth century there was a huge increase in reading material of all kinds aimed  at the middle and working classes - cheap fiction, weekly illustrated papers,  local newspapers.

For those who could not read for themselves, there was the Penny Reading. Dickens himself gave immensely popular public readings of his novels at which the admission fee was a penny. At the other end of the scale, the local schoolmaster or curate might give a reading in a hall or schoolroom. Some penny entertainments were held in theatres and had varied programmes including music. Books were published with chapters specifically intended for use at Penny Readings; shipwrecks and rescues were popular subjects.

If Dickens were to be transported to the present day, he would no doubt soon learn to use the internet and social media to his advantage. He would be much in demand as a commentator on social issues. And with his ability to create memorable characters and to write quickly and to a deadline, he would  no doubt have yet another successful career, as a writer of television drama and soap operas.